Writing Resources

All information in this guide has been adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the official guide to APA style. (7th ed.)

Citation managers are used to collect, organize and cite references. 

Journal Article

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

• Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)

Newspaper Article

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html

Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.

Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S. sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.

• Parenthetical citations: (Carey, 2019; Harlan, 2013; Stobbe, 2020)
• Narrative citations: Carey (2019), Harlan (2013), and Stobbe (2020)

UpToDate Article

Bordeaux, B., & Lieberman, H. R. (2020). Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages

• Parenthetical citation: (Bordeaux & Lieberman, 2020)
• Narrative citation: Bordeaux and Lieberman (2020)

Book/E-Book (Entire Authored Book)

Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.

Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020). The big picture/Academic writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. https://thebigpicture-academicwriting.digi.hansreitzel.dk/

• Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2019; Sapolsky, 2017; Svendsen & Løber, 2020)
• Narrative citations: Jackson (2019), Sapolsky (2017), and Svendsen and Løber (2020)

Book Chapter (Edited Book)

Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform, to communicate, to play—The experimenting community in action. In E. Hygum & P. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192

• Parenthetical citations: (Aron et al., 2019; Dillard, 2020; Thestrup, 2010)
• Narrative citations: Aron et al. (2019), Dillard (2020), and Thestrup (2010)

Diagnostic Manual

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

• Parenthetical citations: (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)
• Narrative citations: American Psychiatric Association (2022)

Conference Presentation

Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video

• Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation: Evans et al. (2019)

• In your bibliography, references are listed alphabetically. 
• APA Style uses in-text author-date citations. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
• Do not include both a DOI and a URL in a reference entry. If a work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.

Learn why it is important to cite your sources and how to avoid plagiarism.